Wie du einen Audio Kompressor richtig einstellst – Auf Einzelspuren
Wie du einen Audio Kompressor richtig einstellst – Auf Einzelspuren
Kannst du Deinen Audio Kompressor richtig einstellen? Kennst du alle Parameter und deren Auswirkungen? Dies ist für einen herausragenden Mix unerlässlich, denn die Kompression ist eines der Grund-Werkzeuge beim Mixen und auch beim Sound-Design. Ausserdem ist es das Tool, welches für die meisten Fragezeichen und Missverständnisse sorgt. Typische Probleme sind zum Beispiel: Welchen Kompressor soll Ich benutzen? Was und wie viel soll ich komprimieren? Wie soll ich ihn einstellen? Wo in der Signalkette soll ich ihn einsetzen?
Deswegen habe ich Dir in dieser Artikel-Serie einmal die wichtigsten Tipps zusammengefasst. In diesem ersten Artikel geht es um die Grundlegenden Aufgaben und Parameter eines Kompressors. Dazu gibt es natürlich auch Audio-Beispiele. Am Ende des Artikels nenne ich Dir noch ein super Tool, mit dem Du dein Gehör zum Erkennen der verschiedenen Einstellungen eines Kompressors trainieren kannst.
Falls dir Audio-Beispiele wichtig sind, kann ich Dir mein Video-Tutorial zu Kompression empfehlen. Da kannst du live beobachten und hören, wie ich einen Kompressor genau einstelle.
Was macht ein Audio-Kompressor?
Ganz grob gesagt verändert er die Dynamik eines Signals, also den Unterschied zwischen dessen lautesten und der leisesten Stelle. Er drückt den Sound sozusagen zusammen, so dass das Signal weniger Platz benötigt. Danach kann der gesamte Pegel wieder erhöht werden. Da unser Ohr die Lautheit eines Signals nach seiner Durchschnitts-Lautstärke bestimmt, wird es nun lauter klingen.
Das ist die Grundsätzliche Idee hinter einem Kompressor. Nun kann er auf verschiednen Signal-Typen eingesetzt werden und erfüllt dort verschiedene Aufgaben.
Wo wird ein Kompressor eingesetzt?
Kompression kannst Du prinzipiell auf verschiedenen Signalen-Typen, also auf verschiedenen Ebenen im Mix, benutzen:
1. Auf der Mastersumme
2. Auf verschiedenen Mix-Bussen, wie zum Beispiel auf dem Drum-Bus
3. Auf den einzelnen Spuren, also zum Beispiel auf der Kick, Snare, Synths, Vocals
Bei diesen 3 Ebenen wird der Kompressor per Insert in den Signalpfad eingeschliffen. Anders ist dies bei der Parallelkompression, bei der der Kompressor über einen Send/Return Weg eingesetzt wird. Diese Spezialart der Kompression soll aber nicht weiter in diesem Blog-Posts behandelt werden.
Fokus dieses Artikels ist die Kompression von einzelnen Spuren (die Mix-Buss Kompression werde ich Dir in einem folgenden Post näher bringen).
Auf dieser Ebene gibt es zwei grundsätzliche Beweggründe einen Kompressor einzusetzen:
– Die Hüllkurve (Envelope) des Sounds soll verändert werden. Zum Beispiel möchtest Du die Attack-Phase betonen oder die Sustain-Phase verringern
– Verschiede Kompressoren färben den Sound in einer bestimmten Weise. Wegen der gewünschten Färbung schickst Du das Signal durch den Kompressor
Audio Kompressor richtig einstellen
Die meisten Kompressoren haben folgende Regler: Treshold, Ratio, Attack, Release, Make-Up Gain. Bei einigen Modellen wird deren Funktion von andern Reglern übernommen oder kann nicht eingestellt werden. Zum Beispiel gibt es bei 1176-Modellen keinen Treshold-Regler (der Treshold wird hier über das Input-Gain eingestellt).
Der Treshold und die Ratio sind vergleichsweise einfach einzustellen. Der Treshold bestimmt, ab welchem Signal-Pegel der Kompressor arbeitet und damit auch wie viel komprimiert wird (zusammen mit der Ratio).
Die Ratio steht also in einer Wechselwirkung mit dem Treshold. Beispielsweise eine Ration von 4 zu 1 : Wenn das Signal den Treshold um 4dB übersteigt, lässt der Kompressor nur noch 1dB über dem Treshold durch. Bei der Ratio geht also um das Verhältnis von Eingans- zu Ausgangspegel. Bei einer höheren Ratio wird die Kompression stärker hörbar, es kann zu einem „pumpen“ des Sounds kommen. Ab einer Ratio von 10:1 spricht man übrigens von einem Limiter.
Mit dem Make-Up-Gain kann der Ausgangspegel eingestellt werden. Das wichtigste: Zum Einstellen des Kompressors sollte das Signal mit und Ohne Kompressor gleich laut sein. Denn nur dann kannst Du beurteilen was wirklich passiert. Unsere Ohren finden „lauter“ erst mal „geiler“. Wenn du das Make-Up-Gain zu laut einstellst wirst du kaum beurteilen können, ob das Signal von der Kompression profitiert oder ob du gerade „verschlimmbesserst“.
Die kritischsten Regler an einem Kompressor sind die Attack und die Release Zeiten. Ich gehe hier jetzt einmal davon aus, dass du weisst was eine ADSR-Hüllkurve ist. Falls nicht, lies es doch kurz hier nach und komm dann wieder zurück.
Attack
Der Attack-Regler bestimmt wie schnell der Kompressor auf das Eingans-Signal reagiert, also wie schnell er das Signal packt und „platt macht“, beziehungsweise eben was er vom Signal hindurch lässt. Es geht also um den zeitlichen Verlauf des Signals. Hier eine kurze Übersicht wie die Hüllkurve eines Sounds mit der Attack-Zeit zusammenhängt.
Nehmen wir als Beispiel mal eine Kick-Drum. Am Anfang jedes Signals stehen die Transienten (Anschlagsgeräusche, zB. wenn der Klöppel auf die Kick-Drum trifft). Wie stark sich ein Signal im Mix durchsetzt wird unter anderem von diesen Transienten mitbestimmt. Mit extrem kurzen Attack-Zeiten wird das Signal also komplett geplättet, vor allem eben der Transienten-Bereich. Dies kann sinnvoll sein, wenn du das Signal im Mix nach hinten schieben möchtest und die Aufmerksamkeit von ihm wegziehen willst. Paradebeispiel dafür sind Backgroundvocals. Hier siehst Du, dass Du einen Kompressor auch für die Gestaltung der Tiefenstaffelung deines Mixes verwenden kannst.
Wenn du die Attack-Zeit etwas erhöhst, werden die Transienten mehr und mehr durchgelassen, währen der Rest immer noch gedämpft wird. Die Transienten gewinnen also an Präsenz, die Kick-Drum wird mehr „nageln“. Mit dieser Einstellung werden auch Snare-Drums und Claps nach vorne geholt.
Ab einem gewissen Punkt mischt sich die Attack-Zeit des Signals mit dem Sound des Kompressors, die Attack wird dann nicht nur betont sonder auch verfärbt.
Nun ist also schon die ganze Transienten-Phase zu hören. Nach den Transienten folgt der Bauch eines Signals. Das wird bei der Kick-Drum sehr deutlich. Wenn du hier die Attack-Zeit verlängerst, wirst du deren Bauch, also die Tiefen Frequenzen, immer mehr hören.
Hier wird deutlich, dass ein Kompressor auch zum verändern des Frequenzspektrums benutzt wird. Dies hat im Vergleich zum EQ einen entscheidenden Vorteil: Wenn Du EQs auf ein Signal einsetzt, kommt es immer zu Phasendrehungen. Dies kann ein Signal und einen Mix schlaff und verwaschen klingen lassen. Diese Phasendrehungen treten bei der Kompression nicht auf.
Diese Grafik veranschaulicht die Auswirkungen verschiedener Attack-Zeiten sehr gut.
Release
Die Release bestimmt, wie schnell sich ein Audio Kompressor wieder „erholt“. Also wie lange es dauert, bis er nicht mehr komprimiert. Angenommen die Release sehr lange eingestellt: Dann würde der Kompressor ab dem ersten Signalpegel, der den Treshold übersteigt ewig komprimieren und alles plätten. Bei Signalen wie Drums ist es also wichtig, das die Release so eingestellt ist, dass der Kompressor sich bis zum nächsten Drum-Hit wieder erholt hat.
Innerhalb dieses Bereiches kann dann die Release-Phase des Signals beeinflusst werden. Unsere Kick Drum könnte also entweder kürzer oder länger ausklingen. Im Ideal-Fall passt die Release-Zeit des Kompressors zur BPM des Tracks. Dann fängt die Kompression an „zu Atmen“, also sich passend zum Beat mitzubewegen.
Fade Out
Nun weisst Du also, wie Du deinen Audio Kompressor richtig einstellen kannst und welche Ziele Du damit erreichst.
Ein super und zudem kostenloses Tool zum üben des Einstellens von Audio Kompressoren findest du hier.
Wie Dir sicher schon aufgefallen ist, gibt es da draussen hunderte Hardware-Kompressoren sowie Kompressor-Plugins. Viele davon haben unterschiedliche Eigenschaften, zum Beispiel verschieden lange Attack und Release Zeiten, verschiedene Ratios und Einstellungsmöglichkeiten. Ausserdem verfärben sie deinen Sound aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Benutzen Techniken (Röhren-Kompressor, FET-Kompressor etc.). Deswegen ist es sehr wichtig, dass du diese Unterschiede kennst und gezielt einsetzen kannst.
Einige Tips dazu findest Du in meinem kostenlosen eBook. Du kannst es sofort hier downloaden.
Falls du noch mehr über Kompression lernen möchtest, kann ich dir mein Video-Tutorial empfehlen.
In diesem Tutorial lernst du :
– Wieso Du einen Kompressor in deinen Tracks einsetzen willst
– auf welche Ebenen du einen Kompressor im Mix einsetzen kannst
– Wo Du einen Kompressor in der Signal-Kette platzieren kannst (vor oder nach EQ?)
– Welche Parameter es bei einem Kompressor gibt und wie Du diese richtig einstellst
– Wie Du mit einem Kompressor die Hüll-Kurven eines Sounds modellierst
– Wie Du die Klangfarbe eines Sounds mit Kompressoren verändern kannst
– Wieso ein Kompressor manchmal der bessere EQ ist
Dazu gibt es viele Klangbeispiele und du kannst live beobachten, wie ich den Kompressor genau einstelle 🙂
October 5, 2017 @ 1:48 am
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October 17, 2017 @ 2:37 pm
Vielen Dank, Udo 🙂
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Vielen Dank für deine Seite…schon etliche Tutorials ect. 10fach gelesen/ gelernt/ erklärt bekommen aber selten so verständlich…big UP!!
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Danke dir Jan 🙂 Das freut mich sehr !
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Vielen Dank für diese plausible Erklärung zum Thema Kompression und Funktionalität. Bereichernd und auf dem Punkt!
August 19, 2018 @ 7:56 pm
Danke, Lohar 🙂
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